Permit evaluation of assoc items on Self by avoiding cycle error

[estebank]

Skip the recursive evaluation of super-traits that reference associated
types on Self directly (without using a fully-qualified path) in order
to allow its use.

The following code would previously emit a cycle evaluation error and
will now successfuly compile:

trait Bar<T> {
    fn foo() -> T;
}
trait Foo: Bar<Self::Qux> {
    type Qux;
}

The following will also work:

trait Bar<T> {
    fn foo() -> T;
}
trait Baz {
    type Qux;
}
trait Foo: Bar<Self::Qux> + Baz {}

Fix #35237.