Create beginner-friendly Python learning repository with comprehensive examples and projects

.gitignore

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+# Byte-compiled / optimized / DLL files
+__pycache__/
+*.py[cod]
+*$py.class
+
+# C extensions
+*.so
+
+# Distribution / packaging
+.Python
+build/
+develop-eggs/
+dist/
+downloads/
+eggs/
+.eggs/
+lib/
+lib64/
+parts/
+sdist/
+var/
+wheels/
+*.egg-info/
+.installed.cfg
+*.egg
+
+# Virtual environments
+venv/
+ENV/
+env/
+.venv
+
+# IDEs
+.vscode/
+.idea/
+*.swp
+*.swo
+*~
+
+# OS files
+.DS_Store
+Thumbs.db
+
+# Testing
+.pytest_cache/
+.coverage
+htmlcov/
+
+# Temporary files
+*.log
+*.tmp
+tmp/

01_Basics/01_variables_and_datatypes.py

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+"""
+VARIABLES AND DATA TYPES IN PYTHON
+===================================
+
+What are Variables?
+-------------------
+Variables are containers that store data values. 
+Think of them as labeled boxes where you can keep different types of information.
+
+Python has several built-in data types:
+1. Integer (int) - Whole numbers
+2. Float - Decimal numbers
+3. String (str) - Text
+4. Boolean (bool) - True or False
+5. List - Collection of items
+6. Dictionary (dict) - Key-value pairs
+"""
+
+# ============================================
+# NUMBERS (Integers and Floats)
+# ============================================
+
+# Integer - whole numbers without decimal points
+age = 20
+print("Age:", age)
+print("Type of age:", type(age))  # type() tells us what kind of data it is
+
+# Float - numbers with decimal points
+height = 5.9
+print("\nHeight:", height)
+print("Type of height:", type(height))
+
+# You can do math with numbers
+students = 30
+present = 28
+absent = students - present
+print("\nTotal students:", students)
+print("Present:", present)
+print("Absent:", absent)
+
+
+# ============================================
+# STRINGS (Text)
+# ============================================
+
+# Strings are text enclosed in quotes (single or double)
+name = "Alice"
+greeting = 'Hello'
+print("\n" + greeting + ", " + name + "!")
+
+# You can combine (concatenate) strings with +
+first_name = "John"
+last_name = "Doe"
+full_name = first_name + " " + last_name
+print("Full name:", full_name)
+
+# String length
+message = "Python is fun!"
+print("Message:", message)
+print("Length of message:", len(message))
+
+
+# ============================================
+# BOOLEANS (True or False)
+# ============================================
+
+# Booleans represent truth values
+is_student = True
+has_graduated = False
+
+print("\nIs student?", is_student)
+print("Has graduated?", has_graduated)
+
+# Booleans are often used in conditions
+is_learning_python = True
+if is_learning_python:
+    print("Keep practicing!")
+
+
+# ============================================
+# LISTS (Collections)
+# ============================================
+
+# Lists store multiple items in a single variable
+fruits = ["apple", "banana", "orange", "mango"]
+print("\nFruits list:", fruits)
+print("First fruit:", fruits[0])  # Lists start counting from 0
+print("Second fruit:", fruits[1])
+print("Number of fruits:", len(fruits))
+
+# Lists with numbers
+scores = [85, 90, 78, 92, 88]
+print("\nScores:", scores)
+print("Highest score:", max(scores))
+print("Lowest score:", min(scores))
+
+
+# ============================================
+# DICTIONARIES (Key-Value Pairs)
+# ============================================
+
+# Dictionaries store data in key-value pairs
+student_info = {
+    "name": "Emma",
+    "age": 21,
+    "grade": "A",
+    "is_active": True
+}
+
+print("\nStudent Information:")
+print("Name:", student_info["name"])
+print("Age:", student_info["age"])
+print("Grade:", student_info["grade"])
+
+
+# ============================================
+# TYPE CONVERSION
+# ============================================
+
+# You can convert between different data types
+number_as_string = "100"
+actual_number = int(number_as_string)  # Convert string to integer
+print("\nString '100' converted to integer:", actual_number)
+print("Now we can do math: 100 + 50 =", actual_number + 50)
+
+# Convert integer to string
+score = 95
+score_text = str(score)
+message = "Your score is " + score_text
+print(message)
+
+
+# ============================================
+# PRACTICE PROBLEMS
+# ============================================
+
+print("\n" + "="*50)
+print("PRACTICE PROBLEMS")
+print("="*50)
+
+"""
+Try these exercises:
+
+1. Create a variable called 'city' and assign your city name to it.
+   Then print it.
+
+2. Create two number variables and store your age and a friend's age.
+   Calculate and print the age difference.
+
+3. Create a list of 5 favorite movies and print the list.
+   Then print only the first and last movie.
+
+4. Create a dictionary to store information about your favorite book:
+   title, author, year, and pages.
+   Print each piece of information.
+
+5. Create a string variable with a number like "25", convert it to 
+   an integer, multiply by 2, and print the result.
+"""
+
+print("\nTry solving the practice problems above!")
+print("Write your solutions in a new file or below this code.")

01_Basics/02_input_output.py

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+"""
+INPUT AND OUTPUT IN PYTHON
+==========================
+
+Input: Getting data FROM the user
+Output: Showing data TO the user
+"""
+
+# ============================================
+# OUTPUT - Printing to the screen
+# ============================================
+
+print("Hello, World!")  # Basic print statement
+print()  # Empty line for spacing
+
+# Printing multiple items
+print("Python", "is", "awesome!")
+
+# Printing with variables
+name = "Sarah"
+print("Welcome,", name)
+
+# Using f-strings (formatted strings) - Easy and modern way
+age = 19
+print(f"Hello! My name is {name} and I am {age} years old.")
+
+# Printing with .format() method
+city = "New York"
+print("I live in {}.".format(city))
+
+# Printing numbers and calculations
+x = 10
+y = 20
+print(f"{x} + {y} = {x + y}")
+
+
+# ============================================
+# INPUT - Getting data from the user
+# ============================================
+
+# Basic input - input() always returns a string
+print("\n" + "="*50)
+print("Let's get some information from you!")
+print("="*50 + "\n")
+
+# Getting user's name
+user_name = input("What is your name? ")
+print(f"Nice to meet you, {user_name}!")
+
+# Getting user's age (need to convert to integer)
+user_age = input("How old are you? ")
+print(f"You are {user_age} years old.")
+
+# Converting input to integer for calculations
+user_age_number = int(user_age)
+years_to_30 = 30 - user_age_number
+if years_to_30 > 0:
+    print(f"You will be 30 years old in {years_to_30} years!")
+elif years_to_30 == 0:
+    print("You are exactly 30 years old!")
+else:
+    print(f"You turned 30 about {abs(years_to_30)} years ago!")
+
+
+# ============================================
+# SIMPLE INPUT/OUTPUT PROGRAMS
+# ============================================
+
+print("\n" + "="*50)
+print("PROGRAM 1: GREETING PROGRAM")
+print("="*50 + "\n")
+
+# Get user information
+first_name = input("Enter your first name: ")
+favorite_color = input("What's your favorite color? ")
+favorite_number = input("What's your favorite number? ")
+
+# Display personalized message
+print(f"\nHello {first_name}!")
+print(f"Your favorite color is {favorite_color}.")
+print(f"Your favorite number is {favorite_number}.")
+print("Thank you for sharing!")
+
+
+print("\n" + "="*50)
+print("PROGRAM 2: SIMPLE CALCULATOR")
+print("="*50 + "\n")
+
+# Get two numbers from user
+num1 = input("Enter first number: ")
+num2 = input("Enter second number: ")
+
+# Convert strings to numbers
+number1 = float(num1)  # Using float to handle decimals
+number2 = float(num2)
+
+# Perform calculations
+addition = number1 + number2
+subtraction = number1 - number2
+multiplication = number1 * number2
+division = number1 / number2
+
+# Display results
+print(f"\n{number1} + {number2} = {addition}")
+print(f"{number1} - {number2} = {subtraction}")
+print(f"{number1} × {number2} = {multiplication}")
+print(f"{number1} ÷ {number2} = {division}")
+
+
+print("\n" + "="*50)
+print("PROGRAM 3: AREA CALCULATOR")
+print("="*50 + "\n")
+
+# Calculate area of a rectangle
+length = float(input("Enter length of rectangle: "))
+width = float(input("Enter width of rectangle: "))
+
+area = length * width
+perimeter = 2 * (length + width)
+
+print(f"\nArea of rectangle: {area}")
+print(f"Perimeter of rectangle: {perimeter}")
+
+
+# ============================================
+# FORMATTED OUTPUT - Making output look nice
+# ============================================
+
+print("\n" + "="*50)
+print("FORMATTED OUTPUT EXAMPLES")
+print("="*50 + "\n")
+
+# Aligning text
+print(f"{'Item':<15} {'Price':>10}")  # <15 means left-align in 15 spaces
+print(f"{'Apple':<15} {'$2.50':>10}")
+print(f"{'Banana':<15} {'$1.25':>10}")
+print(f"{'Orange':<15} {'$3.00':>10}")
+
+# Formatting decimal numbers
+pi = 3.14159265359
+print(f"\nValue of Pi: {pi}")
+print(f"Pi rounded to 2 decimals: {pi:.2f}")  # .2f means 2 decimal places
+
+price = 19.5
+print(f"Price: ${price:.2f}")  # Ensures two decimal places
+
+
+# ============================================
+# PRACTICE PROBLEMS
+# ============================================
+
+print("\n" + "="*50)
+print("PRACTICE PROBLEMS")
+print("="*50)
+
+"""
+Try these exercises:
+
+1. Write a program that asks for your name and your friend's name,
+   then prints "Hello [your name] and [friend's name]!"
+
+2. Create a program that asks for two numbers and displays their sum,
+   difference, product, and quotient.
+
+3. Write a program that asks for your birth year and calculates your age
+   (assuming current year is 2024).
+
+4. Create a program that asks for temperature in Celsius and converts
+   it to Fahrenheit using the formula: F = (C × 9/5) + 32
+
+5. Write a program that asks for your name, favorite hobby, and how many
+   hours you spend on it per week. Then print a nice summary message.
+
+6. Create a simple shopping program that asks for item name, quantity,
+   and price per item, then calculates and displays the total cost.
+"""
+
+print("\nTry solving the practice problems above!")
+print("Create a new Python file and write your solutions there.")