diff --git a/src/postcss.ts b/src/postcss.ts
index 1af6ca9..fe1f2ff 100644
--- a/src/postcss.ts
+++ b/src/postcss.ts
@@ -17,9 +17,16 @@ const injectTailwindThemePlugin: PluginCreator<TailwindCSSPostCSSOptions> = (
       if (!themePath) {
         return;
       }
+
+      const file = root.source?.input.file || '';
+
+      // Use @reference for CSS modules to avoid duplicating theme variables in every module.
+      // Use @import for global CSS and regular CSS files to ensure theme variables are emitted.
+      const isCssModule = /\.module\.(css|scss|sass|less|styl)$/i.test(file);
+
       root.prepend(
         new AtRule({
-          name: 'import',
+          name: isCssModule ? 'reference' : 'import',
           params: JSON.stringify(themePath),
         }),
       );
diff --git a/test/css-modules-dedup-color/index.test.ts b/test/css-modules-dedup-color/index.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a280f0d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/css-modules-dedup-color/index.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+import fs from 'node:fs';
+import { dirname, join } from 'node:path';
+import { fileURLToPath } from 'node:url';
+import { expect, test } from '@playwright/test';
+import { createRsbuild } from '@rsbuild/core';
+import { pluginTailwindCSS } from '../../src';
+
+const __dirname = dirname(fileURLToPath(import.meta.url));
+
+test('deduplicates theme color variables', async () => {
+  const rsbuild = await createRsbuild({
+    cwd: __dirname,
+    rsbuildConfig: {
+      plugins: [pluginTailwindCSS()],
+    },
+  });
+  await rsbuild.build();
+
+  const cssDir = join(__dirname, 'dist/static/css');
+  const cssFiles = fs.readdirSync(cssDir).filter((f) => f.endsWith('.css'));
+  const cssContent = fs.readFileSync(join(cssDir, cssFiles[0]), 'utf-8');
+
+  // Find how many times --color-red-500 is defined
+  const matches = cssContent.match(/--color-red-500:/g) || [];
+  expect(matches.length).toBeLessThan(5);
+});
diff --git a/test/css-modules-dedup-color/src/a.css b/test/css-modules-dedup-color/src/a.css
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..644ab42
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/css-modules-dedup-color/src/a.css
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+.a {
+  @apply text-red-500;
+}
diff --git a/test/css-modules-dedup-color/src/b.css b/test/css-modules-dedup-color/src/b.css
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..183d52f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/css-modules-dedup-color/src/b.css
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+.b {
+  @apply text-red-500;
+}
diff --git a/test/css-modules-dedup-color/src/index.js b/test/css-modules-dedup-color/src/index.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a0ec795
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/css-modules-dedup-color/src/index.js
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+import './a.css';
+import './b.css';
diff --git a/test/css-modules-dedup/index.test.ts b/test/css-modules-dedup/index.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7520e9f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/css-modules-dedup/index.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+import fs from 'node:fs';
+import { dirname, join } from 'node:path';
+import { fileURLToPath } from 'node:url';
+import { expect, test } from '@playwright/test';
+import { createRsbuild } from '@rsbuild/core';
+import { pluginTailwindCSS } from '../../src';
+
+const __dirname = dirname(fileURLToPath(import.meta.url));
+
+test('deduplicates theme variables in multiple CSS modules', async () => {
+  const rsbuild = await createRsbuild({
+    cwd: __dirname,
+    rsbuildConfig: {
+      plugins: [pluginTailwindCSS()],
+    },
+  });
+
+  await rsbuild.build();
+
+  const cssDir = join(__dirname, 'dist/static/css');
+  const cssFiles = fs.readdirSync(cssDir).filter((f) => f.endsWith('.css'));
+  const cssContent = fs.readFileSync(join(cssDir, cssFiles[0]), 'utf-8');
+
+  // If theme was injected via @import, does it result in duplicated variables?
+  // We'll count the number of times `--spacing` or some known theme variable appears.
+  const rootMatches = cssContent.match(/:root/g) || [];
+  expect(rootMatches.length).toBeLessThan(2);
+});
diff --git a/test/css-modules-dedup/src/a.css b/test/css-modules-dedup/src/a.css
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..939da27
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/css-modules-dedup/src/a.css
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+.a {
+  @apply flex;
+}
diff --git a/test/css-modules-dedup/src/b.css b/test/css-modules-dedup/src/b.css
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5f0d71e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/css-modules-dedup/src/b.css
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+.b {
+  @apply flex;
+}
diff --git a/test/css-modules-dedup/src/index.js b/test/css-modules-dedup/src/index.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a0ec795
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/css-modules-dedup/src/index.js
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+import './a.css';
+import './b.css';